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[7] The dorsals were opisthocoelous (concave at the rear) as in other macronarian sauropods. Titanosauria, defined as everything closer to Saltasaurus than Brachiosaurus, included a very large variety of taxa, and the new clade Lithostrotia was named for a large number of more derived taxa, although Nemegtosauridae was placed in Diplodocoidea following earlier publications of Upchurch. There is a reason why no adult and healthy sauropod fossil ever found to be desecrated by any theropod, that Is, because of there is no theropod that could subdue an adult sauropod, alone. 2004) was defined to be Malawisaurus and all more derived titanosaurs, and the clade Eutitanosauria (Sanz et al. [49] While it was later given a position as a sauropod within Cetiosauridae by Lydekker in 1888,[50] he named the new sauropod family Titanosauridae for the genus in 1893, which included only Titanosaurus and Argyrosaurus, united by procoelous caudals, opisthocoelous presacrals, a lack of pleurocoels and open chevrons. [16] In others, such as Rapetosaurus and Nemegtosaurus, the head resembled that of diplodocids. Dissenting configurations were suggested by Bonaparte and Coria in 1993; Fernando Novas and Martn Ezcurra in 2006; and Leonardo Salgado and Jaime Powell in 2010. [87] One of the largest ever titanosaur footprints was discovered in the Gobi desert in 2016. Lately, titanosaurs (but not Titanosaurus) have been generating headlines, as bigger and bigger specimens have been discovered in South America. The largest dinosaurs of the era were the sauropods, a collection of four-legged herbivorous species that possessed long necks and tails. [37][29][42][43][44] In 2007, Calvo and colleagues named Futalognkosaurus; they found it to form a clade with Mendozasaurus and named it Lognkosauria. A sauropod subgroup called the Titanosauria contained the largest sauropods. Dreadnoughtus is known from rock deposits of southern Patagonia, Argentina, that date to about 77 million years ago. Argentinosaurus Was a Type of Dinosaur Known as a Titanosaur Given its gigantic size, it's appropriate that Argentinosaurus is classified as a titanosaur, the family of lightly-armored sauropods which spread to every continent on Earth later in the Cretaceous period. Argentinosaurus, compared to a full-grown human being. Sameer Prehistorica The largest dinosaur for which we have compelling fossil evidence, Argentinosaurus measured over 100 feet from head to tail and may have weighed in excess of 100 tons. In early 1989, the Argentine palaeontologist Jos F. Bonaparte initiated a larger excavation of the site involving palaeontologists of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, yielding a number of additional elements from the same individual. Argentinosaurus is arguably the largest dinosaur to ever walk the earth, while a few dinosaurs were longer and taller, argentinosaurus was the heaviest, individuals found to have still being growing during the time of death. [31]:278 The basal position within Titanosauria was confirmed by a number of subsequent studies. When it was identified as a tibia, it was thought to have a comparatively short cnemial crest, a prominent extension at the upper front that anchored muscles for stretching the leg. Argentinosaurus is a genus of giant sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina. Only 8 meters (about 26 feet) long and weighing an estimated 5 metric tons (about 5.5 tons), S. songwensis was among the smallest of the titanosaurs. Sauropods are Mesozoic puzzles. Much larger terrestrial vertebrates might be possible but would require different body shapes and possibly behavioural change to prevent joint collapse. Lithostrotia, Saltasauridae and Saltasaurinae had their definitions preserved from earlier studies, and included their typical content. [11] In 2006, Kenneth Carpenter reconstructed Argentinosaurus using the more complete Saltasaurus as a guide and estimated a length of 30 metres (98ft). Brachiosaurus VS Rex, Giga, Bronto & Titanosaur Check out ChubbyDino for more Brachiosaurus videos! What about the largest land animal? DGM Serie B"), Contributing additional work to the systematics of titanosaurs, Spanish paleontologist Jos Sanz et al. Late Cretaceous giant sauropod dinosaur genus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, "A 30 aos del hallazgo del dino gigante de Huincul", "Giants and bizarres: Body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs", "Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals", "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs", "Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs", "Big sauropods really, really big sauropods", "Argentine dinos vie for heavyweight titles", "Biggest of the big: A critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod, "Re-sizing giants: estimation of body lenght [, "March of the titans: The locomotor capabilities of sauropod dinosaurs", "Rates of dinosaur body mass evolution indicate 170 million years of sustained ecological innovation on the avian stem lineage", "Cope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution", "The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs", "A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot", "A gigantic, exceptionally complete titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina", "The first giant titanosaurian sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of North America", "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)", "The life of the blue whale, Record breaker", "Mechanics, hydrodynamics and energetics of blue whale lunge feeding: efficiency dependence on krill density", "An overview of titanosaur evolution and phylogeny", "Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods I.: Phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence", "A genus-level supertree of the Dinosauria", "Anatomy of the basal titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda), "A new titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous ofNorth Patagonia, Argentina", "A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina", "A new Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem from Gondwana with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur", "Osteology of the Late Cretaceous Argentinean sauropod dinosaur, "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa", "An overview of the appendicular skeletal anatomy of South American titanosaurian sauropods, with definition of a newly recognized clade", "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism", "A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina", "Scientists digitally reconstruct giant steps taken by dinosaurs", "New theropod fauna from the upper cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina", "First fission-track age for the dinosaur-bearing Neuqun Group (Upper Cretaceous), Neuqun Basin, Argentina", "Mineral reactions associated with hydrocarbon paleomigration in the Huincul High, Neuqun Basin, Argentina", "Middle cretaceous microflora from the Huincul Formation ("Dinosaurian Beds") in the Neuqun Basin, Patagonia, Argentina", "New vertebrate remains from the Huincul Formation (CenomanianTuronian;Upper Cretaceous) in Ro Negro, Argentina", "Lower Cretaceous rebbachisaurid sauropods from Cerro Aguada del Len (Lohan Cura Formation), Neuqun Province, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina", 10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0903:lcrsfc]2.0.co;2, "An unusual new theropod with a didactyl manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentinosaurus&oldid=1136392589, Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 02:59. These dinosaurs had to sustain this incredible . The fossil is the first known instance of an aggressive case of osteomyelitis being caused by blood worms in an extinct animal. Using the datamatrix of Sanz et al. named Lognkosauria, defined by the two genera classified within it. Argentinosaurus vs 2x Giganotosaurus 1,226 views Jan 17, 2022 37 Dislike Share Save Lethal_Giggles 146 subscribers Playing on Everglades. [2][3][4]:35 The additional material recovered included seven dorsal vertebrae (vertebrae of the back),[1] the underside of the sacrum (fused vertebrae between the dorsal and tail vertebrae) including the first to fifth sacral vertebrae and some sacral ribs, and a part of a dorsal rib (rib from the flank). [60] Theropods including carcharodontosaurids such as Mapusaurus,[52] abelisaurids including Skorpiovenator,[65] Ilokelesia, and Tralkasaurus,[66] noasaurids such as Huinculsaurus,[67] paravians such as Overoraptor,[68] and other theropods such as Aoniraptor and Gualicho[69] have also been discovered there. Some island-dwelling dwarf titanosaurs, such as Magyarosaurus, were probably the result of allopatric speciation and insular dwarfism. Argentinosaurus might have been preyed on by Mapusaurus, which is among the largest theropods known. Besides the plant remains that might have been expected, such as cycads and conifers, discoveries published in 2005[82] revealed an unexpectedly wide range of monocotyledons, including palms and grasses (Poaceae), including ancestors of rice and bamboo, which has given rise to speculation that herbivorous dinosaurs and grasses co-evolved. [51]:206207, In 2013, Sellers and colleagues used a computer model of the skeleton and muscles of Argentinosaurus to study its speed and gait. [14] During the same year, Scott Hartman suggested that because Argentinosaurus was then thought to be a basal titanosaur, it would have a shorter tail and narrower chest than Puertasaurus, which he estimated to be about 27 metres (89ft) long, indicating Argentinosaurus was slightly smaller. Opisthoeoclicaudia shows even more reduction of the hand than other titanosaurs, with both carpals and phalanges completely absent. This highly diverse group forms the dominant clade of Cretaceous sauropods. Only the three genera and various intermediate specimens were included in Aeolosaurini in their 2004 paper, with the tribe being considered to be within Saltasaurinae. For further studies, more data from living animals is needed to improve the soft tissue reconstruction, and the model needs to be confirmed based on more complete sauropod specimens. Mapusaurus is known from at least seven individuals found together,[52] raising the possibility that this theropod hunted in packs to bring down large prey including Argentinosaurus. When it comes to the size of the Titanosaurus vs blue whale, there can be two different measures for comparison. [52] German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene provided a significant revision of Titanosauridae the following year in 1929, where he reviewed the dinosaurs of Cretaceous Argentina, and named multiple new genera. Although the juvenile skeleton was only 8 meters (about 26 feet) in length and an adult skeleton was not present, paleontologists estimated that fully grown members of this species could have been as large as 15 meters (about 49 feet) long. and recovered similar results for everything but Nemegtosauridae, where the family dissolved into a more basal Tapuiasaurus outside Lithostrota and Nemegtosaurus outside Saltasauridae. The impressions showed that titanosaurs were covered in a mosaic armour of small bead-like scales. While the pelvis was slimmer than some sauropods, the pectoral (chest) area was much wider, giving them a uniquely "wide-legged" stance. [8] The new clade (defined as Rinconsaurus and Muyelensaurus) was placed as the sister taxon of Aeolosaurini, which together grouped with Rapetosaurus as sister to Saltasauridae. [80], In the description of Mansourasaurus, Sallam et al. Upchurch chose to use Titanosauroidea as a replacement name for Titanosauria due to the recommended use of Linnean taxonomy and ranks. Pp. Paralititan plied the mangrove swamps of the middle of the Cretaceous Period some 94 million years ago. [51] Following this, Austro-Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa reviewed reptile genera in 1928, and provided a short classification of Sauropoda, where he placed the Titanosaurinae (a reranking of Lydekker's Titanosauridae) in Morosauridae, and included the genera Titanosaurus, Hypselosaurus and Macrurosaurus because they all had strongly procoelous caudals. Shingopana is the Swahili word for wide neck, and it was the titanosaurs inflated cervical vertebrae that inspired the name of the species. The fossils found include 24 vertebrae, all belonging to a giant tail, parts of a pelvis and a pectoral girdle. [46], Another 2018 study by Hesham Sallam and colleagues found two different phylogenetic positions for Argentinosaurus based on two data sets. The femoral shaft has a circumference of about 1.18 metres (3.9ft) at its narrowest part. Other taxa like Epachthosaurus show a reduction of phalanges to one or two bones. The species was first described in 1980, and it is considered small compared with other titanosaur species, measuring only 12.2 to 12.8 meters (about 40 to 42 feet) long and weighing slightly under 7 metric tons (about 7.7 tons). Tyrannosaurus VS Argentinosaurus Takeshi 152 subscribers Subscribe 58 Share 14K views 4 years ago Carnivorous dinosaurs Tyrannosaurus and herbivorous dinosaurs We saw the superiority of. [15] No complete titanosaur skeletons are known, and many species are only known from a few bones. They provided a definition for the clade of "including the most recent common ancestor of Andesaurus delgadoi and Titanosauridae and all of its descendants". The optimal gait found by the algorithms was close to a pace (forelimb and hind limb on the same side of the body move simultaneously). The sizes of these fossils suggest that a fully grown Austroposeidon magnificus measured 25 meters (82 feet) long. There are . Paralititan stromeri was first described in 2001 after earlier excavations at a site roughly 300 km (about 186 miles) southwest of Cairo, Egypt, had revealed a massive 1.69-meter- (5.5-foot-) long femur (thighbone) and a collection of fragmented shoulder blades, front leg bones, teeth, and vertebrae. Andesaurus, one of the most basal titanosaurs, shows a normal hyposphene. [58] The Huincul Formation is among the richest Patagonian vertebrate associations, preserving fish including dipnoans and gar, chelid turtles, squamates, sphenodonts, neosuchian crocodilians, and a wide variety of dinosaurs. [10] In 2004, Mazzetta and colleagues provided a range of 6088 tonnes (6697 short tons) and considered 73 tonnes (80 short tons) to be the most likely mass, making it the heaviest sauropod known from good material. Trying to raise my child when 2 gigas roll up. [19] The fossil site of Auca Mahuevo preserves a titanosaur nesting ground. The second sacral rib was larger than the other preserved sacral ribs, though the size of the first is unknown due to its incompleteness. [8] In 2019, Paul moderated his 2016 estimate and gave a mass estimate of 6575 tonnes (7283 short tons) based on his skeletal reconstructions (diagrams illustrating the bones and shape of an animal) of Argentinosaurus in dorsal and lateral view. Osteoderms were first confirmed in the genus Saltasaurus but are now known to have been present in a variety of titanosaurs within the clade Lithostrotia. The variety of Romanian fossils named as Magyarosaurus by Huene were also moved into the same species again, M. dacus as originally named by Nopcsa. Patagotitan mayorum may have been the worlds largest terrestrial animal of all time, based on size estimates made after considering a haul of fossilized bones attributed to the species. Even if Argentinosaurus was the largest-known titanosaur, other sauropods including Maraapunisaurus and a giant mamenchisaurid, may have been larger, although these are only known from very scant remains. A small clade of Alamosaurus, Lirainosaurus and the "Peirpolis titanosaur" (Trigonosaurus) was resolved, and diagnosed by only a rotation of the tibia so the proximal end is perpendicular to the distal end. [31], Sauropod hands already are highly derived from other dinosaurs, being reduced into columnar metacarpals and blocky phalanges with fewer claws. [14], Argentinosaurus was discovered in the Argentine Province of Neuqun. (1997) as Andesaurus plus Saltasaurus. Found by a farm worker in the vicinity of La Flecha, Argentina, and excavated by a crew from the Museo Paleontolgico Egidio Feruglio, the 95 million year old site contains over 150 bones belonging. [21], Titanosauria have the largest range of body size of any sauropod clade, and includes both the largest known sauropods and some of the smallest. The fossils of Argentinosaurus were recovered from the Huincul Formation, which was deposited in the middle Cenomanian to early Turonian ages (about 96 to 92 million years ago) and contains a diverse dinosaur fauna including the giant theropod Mapusaurus. This suggests that Alamosaurus, Neuquensaurus, Saltasaurus and Rapetosaurus - all known from imperfect or disarticulated remains previously associated with a lack of phalanges - may have had phalanges but lost them after death. These fossils sat in a museum for more than 60 years before Brazilian researchers had the staff and resources to be able to study them and declare them as belonging to a new titanosaur species, the largest of Brazils nine known titanosaur species, in 2016. Unlike other sauropods, some titanosaurs had no digits, walking only on horseshoe-shaped "stumps" made up of the columnar metacarpal bones. It is one of the largest terrestrial vertebrates known, with the immature type specimen measuring 26 metres (85 ft) in total body length and weighing 48-49 metric tons (53-54 short tons) (the greatest mass of any land animal that can be calculated with reasonable certainty). The taxa that possessed the articulations were united within the new family Andesauridae, and the two families were grouped together within the new clade Titanosauria. [2] This was confirmed by some later authors; Novas noted the hypantrum (a bony extension below the articular processes of the front face of a vertebra) extended sidewards and downwards, forming a much-broadened surface that connected with the equally enlarged hyposphene at the back face of the following vertebra. The titanosaurs were the last great group of sauropods, which existed from about 136[84] to 66 million years ago, before the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event, and were the dominant herbivores of their time. Their results show that this dinosaur was 37m in length and weighed 70 metric tons, making it the largest animal ever to walk the face of the planet. Argentinosaurus was named by Bonaparte and the Argentine palaeontologist Rodolfo Coria in 1993; the genus contains a single species, A. huinculensis. Alamosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia were united within Opisthocoelicaudiinae, Neuquensaurus and Saltasaurus formed Saltasaurinae, and Isisaurus placed as the next most derived titanosaurid. For the strict consensus, every taxon more derived than Brachiosaurus was in an unresolved polytomy except for a clade of Rapetosaurus and Nemegtosaurus, and one of Saltasaurinae. The collection of fossilsmade up of vertebrae, ribs, bone from one of its forelegs, and a fragmented lower jaw and pubis bonewas found in 2002 in the Galula Formation of Africas Great Rift Valley, which is located in southwestern Tanzania. Patagotitans may have been the world's largest terrestrial animal of all time, and weighed up to 77 tons, while Argentinosaurus were similarly gargantuan, and measured up to 40 meters (131 feet . [40] A 2003 study by Jeffrey Wilson and Paul Upchurch found both Titanosauridae and Andesauridae to be invalid; the Titanosauridae because it was based on the dubious genus Titanosaurus and the Andesauridae because it was defined on plesiomorphies (primitive features) rather than on synapomorphies (newly evolved features that distinguish the group from related groups). Saltasauridae was defined as a node-stem triplet, where everything descended from the common ancestor of Opisthocoelicaudia and Saltasaurus was within Saltasauridae, and the subfamilies Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were for every taxon on one branch of the saltasaurid tree or the other. Eutitanosauria (closer to Saltasaurus than Epachthosaurus) was resolved as a very inclusive clade composed of two distinct branches, one leading to the larger-bodied lognkosaurs and the other to the smaller-bodied saltasaurs. [7] The vertebrae were enormous even for sauropods; one dorsal vertebra has a reconstructed height of 159 centimetres (63in) and a width of 129 centimetres (51in), and the vertebral centra are up to 57 centimetres (22in) in width. Opisthocoelicaudia was also nested deeply in Saltasaurinae, though a further investigation of titanosaur interrelationships was proposed. This, coupled with the preservation of a single phalanx on digit IV of Epachthosaurus and potentially Opisthocoelicaudia (further study is necessary), show that preservation biases may be responsible for the lack of hand phalanges in these taxa. Arguments revolve around the position of the recovered vertebrae within the vertebral column and the presence of accessory articulations between the vertebrae that would have strengthened the spine. Eutitanosauria was proposed as a name for the titanosaurs more derived than Epachthosaurus, and noted the presence of osteoderms as a probable synapomorphy of this clade. [20] In the same year, Paul moderated his earlier estimate from 1994 and listed the body mass of Argentinosaurus at more than 50 tonnes (55 short tons). Some titanosaurs had osteoderms. For instance, Argentinosaurus is one of the biggest sauropods, and it is often referred to as a Titanosaur there is a real titanosaurus species yes, and to be frank if they made it a different larger titanosaur species in the dossier it'd make alot more sense #10 Scanova the Carnotaurus Jun 12, 2016 @ 11:07am Originally posted by Red River: [33][77][78][79][41] From these updates, an analysis of 548 characters and 124 taxa was published by Mannion et al. More derived clades, while resolved, were only weakly supported, or characterized by reversions of diagnostic traits of larger groups (below and left). [16] As is the case in most other sauropod groups, there are few titanosaur specimens with complete necks preserving all of the cervical vertebrae in sequence. titanosaur, (clade Titanosauria), diverse group of sauropod dinosaurs classified in the clade Titanosauria, which lived from the Late Jurassic Epoch (163.5 million to 145 million years ago) to the end of the Cretaceous Period (145 million to 66 million years ago). [1], Separating fossils from the very hard rock in which the bones were encased required the use of pneumatic hammers. [57], Fossilised pollen indicates a wide variety of plants were present in the Huincul Formation. [35] The exact arrangement of osteoderms on the body of a titanosaur is not known, but some paleontologists consider it likely that the osteoderms were arranged in two parallel rows on the animal's back, an arrangement similar to the plates of stegosaurs. [citation needed] The fossil evidence suggests they replaced the other sauropods, like the diplodocids and the brachiosaurids, which died out between the late Jurassic and the mid-Cretaceous Periods. Titanosaur skulls are especially rare. One of the few areas of agreement is that the majority of titanosaurs except Andesaurus and some other basal species form a clade called Lithostrotia, which some researchers consider equivalent to the deprecated Titanosauridae. Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were retained with their original definitions, but Lithostrotia was considered a synonym of Titanosauridae, and Titanosaurinae was considered a paraphyletic clade of unrelated titanosaurids. John Hurt narrates the facts behind the discovery of huge Argentinosaurus nesting site in modern day Patagonia. [85][86] Remains have also been discovered in New Zealand. This bone was deformed by front-to-back crushing during fossilization. More internal clades were resolved for Titanosauria, with Nemegtosaurus and Rapetosaurus united within Nemegtosauridae, and Saltasauridae including two subfamilies, Opisthocoelicaudiinae and Saltasaurinae. Titanosauria resolved including the same two subclades as Bonaparte & Coria (1993), where Andesauridae was monotypic, only including the name genus, and Titanosauridae was all other titanosaurs. Saltasaurinae and its relationship with Opisthocoelicaudia remained the same. However, they may have played an important role in nutrient storage for titanosaurs living in highly seasonal climates and for female titanosaurs laying eggs. [33], Titanosaurs have a poor fossil record of their pedes (feet), only being complete in five definitive titanosaurs. [55] Saltasaurus included the species previously known as Titanosaurus australis and T. robustus, which were named Neuquensaurus by Powell in 1986. [7] In 2020, Campione and Evans also yielded a body mass estimate of approximately 75 tonnes (83 short tons). [2] Bonaparte and Coria described the limb bone discovered in 1987 as an eroded tibia (shin bone), although the Uruguayan palaeontologist Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues reidentified this bone as a left fibula in 2004. It is widely regarded by many paleontologists as the biggest dinosaur ever, and perhaps lengthwise the longest animal ever, though both claims have no concrete evidence yet. Today the elephant holds the title, but if we reach back into history, we can find even larger creatures. One vertebra was interpreted by these studies as the first, fifth or third; and another vertebra as the second, tenth or eleventh, or ninth, respectively. The specimen hails from the late cretaceous So Jos do Rio Preto Formation, Bauru Basin, and was described in the journal Cretaceous Research by Aureliano et al. [28] Other authors argued most titanosaur genera lacked hyposphene-hypantrum articulations and that the articular structures seen in Epachthosaurus and Argentinosaurus are thickened vertebral laminae (ridges). [2][33][1], Another contentious issue is the presence of hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, accessory joints between vertebrae that were located below the main articular processes. [5] In 2013, Sellers and colleagues estimated a mass of 83.2 tonnes (91.7 short tons) by calculating the volume of the aforementioned Museo Carmen Funes skeleton. [49], The giant size of Argentinosaurus and other sauropods was likely made possible by a combination of factors; these include fast and energy-efficient feeding allowed for by the long neck and lack of mastication, fast growth and fast population recovery due to their many small offspring. Written by Upchurch, Paul Barrett and Peter Dodson, a review of Sauropoda included a more expansive Titanosauria for sauropods more derived than brachiosaurids. Saltasaurinae was defined as the most recent ancestor of Neuquensaurus, Saltasaurus and its descendants, and diagnosed by short cervical prezygapophyses, vertically compressed anterior caudals, and a posteriorly shifted anterior caudal neural spine. Maastrichtian fossils from France and Spain were removed from Hypselosaurus and Titanosaurus, with Hypselosaurus being declared dubious like T. lydekkeri. The dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurs show multiple derived features among sauropods. [39] In 2002, Davide Pisani and colleagues recovered Argentinosaurus as a member of Titanosauria, and again found it to be in a clade with Opisthocoelicaudia and an unnamed taxon, in addition to Lirainosaurus. Because of its huge size, Patagotitan was simply known as the Titanosaur between its initial discovery in 2014 and its formal naming in August 2017. The generic name Argentinosaurus means "Argentine lizard", and the specific name huinculensis refers to its place of discovery, Plaza Huincul. [36] Several other arrangements have been proposed, such as a single row along the midline, and it is possible that different species had different arrangements. Tyrannosaurus Rex VS Argentinosaurus. Titanosaurs lived at the end of Earths Cretaceous Period (145 million to 66 million years ago), and titanosaur fossils have been found on every continent. [65], The second edition of The Dinosauria, published in 2004, included newly described titanosaurs and other taxa reidentified as titanosaurs.

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